Distribution and abundance of dinoflagellates from the coastal waters of Karachi, Pakistan, northern part of the Arabian Sea / Distribuição e abundância de dinoflagelados nas águas costeiras de Karachi, Paquistão, parte norte do Mar da Arábia

The present study reports on seasonal and spatial variations in diversity, distribution and abundance of dinoflegellates and indicates the presence of HAB species in Pakistan waters. A total of 179 taxa, recorded in this study from offshore and near-shore waters, belong to 41 genera in 26 families and 10 orders. The high species count (149 species) was recorded from Manora Island offshore station (MI-1) and 105 spp, 109 spp and 115 spp were encountered from the Mubarak village offshore station (MV-1), Manora near shore station (MI-2) and Mubarak Village near-shore station (MV-2) respectively. Tripos furca was the dominant and frequently occurring species (> 1 x103 to > 25 x103 cells L-1 from coastal and >1x 105 cells L-l from near-shore stations) in addition to less abundant Alexandrium catenella, Alexandrium sp., Alexandrium minutum, and Prorocentrum micans (>103 to 25x 103cells/L). Another 44 species occurred in relatively low numbers (<103 cell L-l). Seventy species were found throughout the study period at all four stations. High number of species in three genera (Tripos (38), Protoperidinium (34) and Prorocentrum (20) was recorded. Potently toxic (16 genera 43 species) and HAB related (19 genera and 30 species) dinoflagellate taxa were also recorded. The percent contribution of dinoflagellates in total phytoplankton population generally remained below 20% except for a few instances. Manora Island stations had comparatively higher Shannon index and equitability and slightly lower dominance index. The PCA plot showed strong positive correlation among chlorophyll-a concentration, dissolved oxygen, total number of phytoplankton and dinoflagellates.

O presente estudo relata variações sazonais e espaciais na diversidade, na distribuição e na abundância de dinoflegelados e indica a presença de espécies de HAB nas águas do Paquistão. Um total de 179 táxons, registrados nesse estudo de águas offshore e próximas à costa, pertence a 41 gêneros em 26 famílias e 10 ordens. A alta contagem de espécies (149 espécies) foi registrada na estação offshore da Ilha de Manora (MI-1) e 105 spp., 109 spp. e 115 spp. foram encontrados na estação offshore da vila de Mubarak (MV-1), Manora perto da estação costeira (MI- 2) e estação próxima à costa da Vila de Mubarak (MV-2), respectivamente. Tripos furca foi a espécie dominante e de ocorrência frequente (> 1 x103 a > 25 x103 células L-1 da costa e > 1x 105 células Ll de estações próximas à costa), além de Alexandrium catenella menos abundante, Alexandrium sp., Alexandrium minutum e Prorocentrum micans (> 103 a 25x 103 células/L). Outras 44 espécies ocorreram em números relativamente baixos (< 103 células L-1). Setenta espécies foram encontradas durante o período de estudo em todas as quatro estações. Foi registrado um alto número de espécies em três gêneros (Tripos (38), Protoperidinium (34) e Prorocentrum (20). Potencialmente tóxicos (16 gêneros e 43 espécies) e HAB relacionados (19 gêneros e 30 espécies), táxons de dinoflagelados também foram registrados. A contribuição percentual de dinoflagelados na população fitoplanctônica total geralmente permaneceu abaixo de 20%, exceto em alguns casos. As estações da Ilha de Manora tinham índice de Shannon comparativamente mais alto e equitabilidade e índice de dominância ligeiramente mais baixos. O gráfico de PCA mostrou forte correlação positiva entre concentração de clorofila-a e oxigênio dissolvido, número total de fitoplânctons e dinoflagelados.

Distribution and abundance of dinoflagellates from the coastal waters of Karachi, Pakistan, northern part of the Arabian Sea / Distribuição e abundância de dinoflagelados nas águas costeiras de Karachi, Paquistão, parte norte do Mar da Arábia

The present study reports on seasonal and spatial variations in diversity, distribution and abundance of dinoflegellates and indicates the presence of HAB species in Pakistan waters. A total of 179 taxa, recorded in this study from offshore and near-shore waters, belong to 41 genera in 26 families and 10 orders. The high species count (149 species) was recorded from Manora Island offshore station (MI-1) and 105 spp, 109 spp and 115 spp were encountered from the Mubarak village offshore station (MV-1), Manora near shore station (MI-2) and Mubarak Village near-shore station (MV-2) respectively. Tripos furca was the dominant and frequently occurring species (> 1 x10³ to > 25 x10³ cells L-¹ from coastal and >1x 105 cells L-¹ from near-shore stations) in addition to less abundant Alexandrium catenella, Alexandrium sp., Alexandrium minutum, and Prorocentrum micans (>103 to 25x 10³cells/L). Another 44 species occurred in relatively low numbers (<10³ cell L-¹). Seventy species were found throughout the study period at all four stations. High number of species in three genera (Tripos (38), Protoperidinium (34) and Prorocentrum (20) was recorded. Potently toxic (16 genera 43 species) and HAB related (19 genera and 30 species) dinoflagellate taxa were also recorded. The percent contribution of dinoflagellates in total phytoplankton population generally remained below 20% except for a few instances. Manora Island stations had comparatively higher Shannon index and equitability and slightly lower dominance index. The PCA plot showed strong positive correlation among chlorophyll-a concentration, dissolved oxygen, total number of phytoplankton and dinoflagellates.

O presente estudo relata variações sazonais e espaciais na diversidade, na distribuição e na abundância de dinoflegelados e indica a presença de espécies de HAB nas águas do Paquistão. Um total de 179 táxons, registrados nesse estudo de águas offshore e próximas à costa, pertence a 41 gêneros em 26 famílias e 10 ordens. A alta contagem de espécies (149 espécies) foi registrada na estação offshore da Ilha de Manora (MI-1) e 105 spp., 109 spp. e 115 spp. foram encontrados na estação offshore da vila de Mubarak (MV-1), Manora perto da estação costeira (MI- 2) e estação próxima à costa da Vila de Mubarak (MV-2), respectivamente. Tripos furca foi a espécie dominante e de ocorrência frequente (> 1 x103 a > 25 x103 células L-1 da costa e > 1x 105 células Ll de estações próximas à costa), além de Alexandrium catenella menos abundante, Alexandrium sp., Alexandrium minutum e Prorocentrum micans (> 103 a 25x 103 células/L). Outras 44 espécies ocorreram em números relativamente baixos (< 103 células L-1). Setenta espécies foram encontradas durante o período de estudo em todas as quatro estações. Foi registrado um alto número de espécies em três gêneros (Tripos (38), Protoperidinium (34) e Prorocentrum (20). Potencialmente tóxicos (16 gêneros e 43 espécies) e HAB relacionados (19 gêneros e 30 espécies), táxons de dinoflagelados também foram registrados. A contribuição percentual de dinoflagelados na população fitoplanctônica total geralmente permaneceu abaixo de 20%, exceto em alguns casos. As estações da Ilha de Manora tinham índice de Shannon comparativamente mais alto e equitabilidade e índice de dominância ligeiramente mais baixos. O gráfico de PCA mostrou forte correlação positiva entre concentração de clorofila-a e oxigênio dissolvido, número total de fitoplânctons e dinoflagelados.

Distribution and abundance of dinoflagellates from the coastal waters of Karachi, Pakistan, northern part of the Arabian Sea

Abstract The present study reports on seasonal and spatial variations in diversity, distribution and abundance of dinoflegellates and indicates the presence of HAB species in Pakistan waters. A total of 179 taxa, recorded in this study from offshore and near-shore waters, belong to 41 genera in 26 families and 10 orders. The high species count (149 species) was recorded from Manora Island offshore station (MI-1) and 105 spp, 109 spp and 115 spp were encountered from the Mubarak village offshore station (MV-1), Manora near shore station (MI-2) and Mubarak Village near-shore station (MV-2) respectively. Tripos furca was the dominant and frequently occurring species (> 1 x103 to > 25 x103 cells L-1 from coastal and >1x 105 cells L-l from near-shore stations) in addition to less abundant Alexandrium catenella, Alexandrium sp., Alexandrium minutum, and Prorocentrum micans (>103 to 25x 103cells/L). Another 44 species occurred in relatively low numbers ( 103 cell L-l). Seventy species were found throughout the study period at all four stations. High number of species in three genera (Tripos (38), Protoperidinium (34) and Prorocentrum (20) was recorded. Potently toxic (16 genera 43 species) and HAB related (19 genera and 30 species) dinoflagellate taxa were also recorded. The percent contribution of dinoflagellates in total phytoplankton population generally remained below 20% except for a few instances. Manora Island stations had comparatively higher Shannon index and equitability and slightly lower dominance index. The PCA plot showed strong positive correlation among chlorophyll-a concentration, dissolved oxygen, total number of phytoplankton and dinoflagellates.

Resumo O presente estudo relata variações sazonais e espaciais na diversidade, na distribuição e na abundância de dinoflegelados e indica a presença de espécies de HAB nas águas do Paquistão. Um total de 179 táxons, registrados nesse estudo de águas offshore e próximas à costa, pertence a 41 gêneros em 26 famílias e 10 ordens. A alta contagem de espécies (149 espécies) foi registrada na estação offshore da Ilha de Manora (MI-1) e 105 spp., 109 spp. e 115 spp. foram encontrados na estação offshore da vila de Mubarak (MV-1), Manora perto da estação costeira (MI- 2) e estação próxima à costa da Vila de Mubarak (MV-2), respectivamente. Tripos furca foi a espécie dominante e de ocorrência frequente (> 1 x103 a > 25 x103 células L-1 da costa e > 1x 105 células Ll de estações próximas à costa), além de Alexandrium catenella menos abundante, Alexandrium sp., Alexandrium minutum e Prorocentrum micans (> 103 a 25x 103 células/L). Outras 44 espécies ocorreram em números relativamente baixos ( 103 células L-1). Setenta espécies foram encontradas durante o período de estudo em todas as quatro estações. Foi registrado um alto número de espécies em três gêneros (Tripos (38), Protoperidinium (34) e Prorocentrum (20). Potencialmente tóxicos (16 gêneros e 43 espécies) e HAB relacionados (19 gêneros e 30 espécies), táxons de dinoflagelados também foram registrados. A contribuição percentual de dinoflagelados na população fitoplanctônica total geralmente permaneceu abaixo de 20%, exceto em alguns casos. As estações da Ilha de Manora tinham índice de Shannon comparativamente mais alto e equitabilidade e índice de dominância ligeiramente mais baixos. O gráfico de PCA mostrou forte correlação positiva entre concentração de clorofila-a e oxigênio dissolvido, número total de fitoplânctons e dinoflagelados.

Effects of the submerged macrophyte Ceratophyllum demersum (Ceratophyllaceae) and the cladoceran Moina micrura (Cladocera: Moinidae) on microalgal interactions / Efectos de un macrófito sumergido Ceratophyllum demersum (Ceratophyllaceae) y un cladócero Moina micrura (Cladocera: Moinidae) sobre las interacciones de microalgas

Abstract Introduction: Cyanobacterial blooms in tropical water bodies are increasingly common, because of eutrophication and rising temperatures. Consequently, many freshwater systems are affected, by reducing water quality, biodiversity, and ecosystem services. With the increased frequency of harmful algal blooms, the development of biological tools to improve water quality is an urgent issue. Objective: To evaluate the effects of a submerged macrophyte and a cladoceran on the microcystin-producing cyanobacteria Microcystis aeruginosa (NPLJ-4) and the chlorophyte Raphidocelis subcapitata (BMIUFRPE-02) in mixed cultures. Methods: Two parallel experiments were carried out for ten days to evaluate the effects of the submerged macrophyte Ceratophyllum demersum and the cladoceran Moina micrura on microalgal interactions. Microalgal strains were cultivated in the ASM1 culture medium, under controlled laboratory conditions. The first experiment presented four treatments: M (C. demersum), Z (M. micrura), MZ (C. demersum and M. micrura), and C (control). Meanwhile, the second experiment consisted of five treatments, in which the microalgae were cultivated together at different Microcystis:Raphidocelis ratios: 1:0, 3:1, 1:1, 1:3, and 0:1. Biomass and growth rates of the strains were evaluated every two days, which were statistically treated with three-way or two-way repeated-measures ANOVA. Results: In the first experiment, M. aeruginosa was significantly inhibited in M and MZ treatments from the second day, and Z from the fourth, while R. subcapitata showed no reduction in its biomass in any treatment. On the other hand, R. subcapitata was stimulated from the eighth and tenth days in M treatment and only on the eighth day in Z treatment. In the second experiment, M. aeruginosa was significantly inhibited when cultivated with R. subcapitata in low ratios (Microcystis:Raphidocelis ratio of 1:3) throughout the experiment, while the chlorophyte was stimulated in that treatment. Conclusions: The coexistence of a cyanobacterium with a green alga did not alter the main negative response of M. aeruginosa to the submerged macrophyte and zooplankton but stimulated the green alga. Accordingly, the introduction of submerged macrophytes and cladocerans already adapted to eutrophic conditions, both isolated and combined, proved to be a good method to control cyanobacterial blooms without negatively affecting other coexisting phytoplankton species.

Resumen Introducción: Las proliferaciones de cianobacterias en los cuerpos de agua tropicales son cada vez más comunes, debido a la eutrofización y al aumento de las temperaturas. En consecuencia, muchos sistemas de agua dulce se ven afectados por la reducción de la calidad del agua, la biodiversidad y los servicios de los ecosistemas. Con el aumento de la frecuencia de la proliferación de algas nocivas, el desarrollo de herramientas biológicas para mejorar la calidad del agua es urgente. Objetivo: Evaluar los efectos de una macrófita sumergida y un cladócero sobre la cianobacteria productora de microcistina llamada Microcystis aeruginosa (NPLJ-4) y la clorofita Raphidocelis subcapitata (BMIUFRPE-02) en cultivos mixtos. Métodos: Se realizaron dos experimentos paralelos durante diez días para evaluar los efectos de la macrófita sumergida Ceratophyllum demersum y el cladócero Moina micrura sobre las interacciones microalgales. Se cultivaron cepas de microalgas en el medio de cultivo ASM1, en condiciones controladas de laboratorio. El primer experimento presentó cuatro tratamientos: M (C. demersum), Z (M. micrura), MZ (C. demersum y M. micrura) y C (control). El segundo experimento consistió en cinco tratamientos, en el que las microalgas se cultivaron juntas en diferentes proporciones de Microcystis:Raphidocelis: 1:0, 3:1, 1:1, 1:3 y 0:1. La biomasa y las tasas de crecimiento de las cepas se evaluaron cada dos días, y se trataron estadísticamente con ANOVA de medidas repetidas de dos o tres factores. Resultados: En el primer experimento, M. aeruginosa se inhibió significativamente en los tratamientos M y MZ a partir del segundo día, y en Z a partir del cuarto, mientras que R. subcapitata no mostró reducción de su biomasa en ningún tratamiento. Por otro lado, R. subcapitata fue estimulada a partir del octavo y décimo día en el tratamiento M y solo en el octavo día en el tratamiento Z. En el segundo experimento, M. aeruginosa se inhibió significativamente cuando se cultivó con R. subcapitata en proporciones bajas (proporción de Microcystis:Raphidocelis de 1:3) durante todo el experimento, mientras que la clorófita se estimuló en ese tratamiento. Conclusiones: La coexistencia de una cianobacteria con un alga verde no alteró la principal respuesta negativa de M. aeruginosa a la macrófita sumergida y al zooplancton, sino que estimuló al alga verde. En consecuencia, la introducción de macrófitos y cladóceros sumergidos ya adaptados a las condiciones eutróficas, tanto aislados como combinados, resultó ser un buen método para controlar las proliferaciones de cianobacterias sin afectar negativamente a otras especies de fitoplancton coexistentes.

Growth of Microcystisstrains isolated from environments with the presence and absence of submerged macrophytes in coexistence with Ceratophyllum demersum

Cyanobacterial blooms can cause severe ecological and health problems in drinking water reservoirs. To alleviate this problem, allelopathically active submerged macrophytes can be used to reduce cyanobacterial growth. Accordingly, this study aimed to evaluate the sensitivity of strains of the Microcystis aeruginosacomplex isolated from reservoirs with the presence and absence of submerged macrophytes to the allelochemicals of Ceratophyllum demersum.A coexistence experiment was carried out between the submerged macrophyte C. demersum and four Microcystisstrains, with two treatments for each strain, one in coexistence with the submerged macrophyte (7 g L-1) and control (in the absence of the macrophyte). Two strains of M. aeruginosa(BMIUFRPE-06 and BMIUFRPE-07) and two of M. panniformis(BMIUFRPE-08 and BMIUFRPE-09) were used, which were isolated from Cajueiro (with submerged macrophytes) and Tapacurá (without submerged macrophytes) reservoirs, respectively. The biomass of Microcystisstrains from the reservoir without macrophytes (BMIUFRPE-08 and BMIUFRPE-09) was significantly inhibited in 96% (T-test: p 0.05; growth rate -ANOVA: p > 0.05). These results suggest that strains isolated from environments with submerged macrophytes are less sensitive to allelochemicals of these plants,as these strains may be adapted to the coexistence with submerged macrophytes.

Cianobacterias potencialmente nocivas en los bancos ostrícolas de la laguna de Términos, sureste del Golfo de México / Potentially harmful cyanobacteria in oyster banks of términos lagoon, southeastern gulf of mexico

ABSTRACT Cyanobacteria inhabit hypersaline, marine and freshwater environments. Some toxic and non-toxic species can form harmful blooms. The aim of this study was to identify potentially harmful cyanobacterial species in the oyster banks of Términos Lagoon, the southeastern Gulf of Mexico. Six sample sites (up to 2-m depth) were monitored monthly from August 2012 to September 2013. Water temperature, salinity, pH, dissolved oxygen saturation (% DO), inorganic nutrients and abundance of cyanobacteria were determined. Temperature and salinity were characterized by marked seasonal differences (26.8 to 30.6 °C and 6.1 to 19.5, respectively). The pH values (ranging from 7.1 to 8.4) and the % DO (88.4 to 118.2 %) suggest a predominance of photosynthetic activity in the windy season (October-February). Elevated nutrient contents are associated with the period of increased river discharge, determined by water circulation and biogeochemical processes. Fourteen taxa were identified, of which Anabaena sp., Merismopedia sp., Oscillatoria sp. and Cylindrospermopsis cuspis produced blooms. Cyanobacterial abundances were on the order of magnitude of 106 cells L-1 in October 2012 at stations S1-S6, with an average value of 3.2x105 cells L-1 and a range of 2000 to 3.1x106 cells L-1 throughout the study period; however, they showed a remarkable absence during the windy season (October to January). Anabaena sp. and C. cuspis reached abundances of 1.9x106 and 1.3x106 cells L1, respectively. The latter caused the temporary closure of oyster Crassostrea virginica harvesting for 15 days in October 2012.

RESUMEN Las cianobacterias habitan en ambientes hipersalinos, marinos y de agua dulce. Algunas especies tóxicas y no tóxicas pueden formar florecimientos nocivos. El objetivo de este estudio fue identificar las especies de cianobacterias potencialmente nocivas en los bancos ostrícolas de laguna de Términos, sureste del Golfo de México. Seis sitios de muestreo (hasta 2 m de profundidad) fueron monitoreados mensualmente de agosto de 2012 a septiembre de 2013. Se midió la temperatura del agua, salinidad, pH, saturación de oxígeno, nutrientes inorgánicos y abundancia de cianobacterias. La temperatura y la salinidad se caracterizaron por marcadas diferencias estacionales (26,8 a 30,6 °C y 6,1 a 19,5, respectivamente). Los valores de pH (de 7,1 a 8,4) y la saturación de oxígeno disuelto (de 88,4 a 118,2 %) sugieren un predominio de la actividad fotosintética en la temporada de nortes (octubre-enero). Las concentraciones elevadas de los nutrientes están asociados al periodo de mayor descarga de los ríos, determinados por la circulación y los procesos biogeoquímicos. Se identificaron 14 taxa, de los cuales Anabaena sp., Merismopedia sp., Oscillatoria sp. y Cylindrospermopsis cuspis formaron florecimientos. Las abundancias de cianobacterias fueron del orden de magnitud de 106 células L-1 en octubre de 2012 en las estaciones S1-S6, con un valor promedio de 3.2x105 células L-1 y un rango de 2000 a 3.1x106 células L-1 a lo largo del periodo de estudio. Sin embargo, mostraron una ausencia notable durante la temporada de nortes (octubre a enero). Anabaena sp. y C. cuspis alcanzaron abundancias de 1.9x106 y 1.3x106 células L-1, respectivamente. Este último causó el cierre temporal de la colecta del ostión Crassostrea virginica durante 15 días en octubre de 2012.

Morphological and molecular characterization of the toxic dinoflagellate Ostreopsis cf. ovata (Gonyaulacales: Dinophyceae) from Brazil (South Atlantic Ocean) / Caracterización morfológica y molecular del dinoflagelado tóxico Ostreopsis cf. ovata (Gonyaulacales: Dinophyceae) en Brasil (Océano Atlántico Sur)

AbstractOstreopsis cf. ovata is a toxic epiphytic dinoflagellate widely distributed in warm waters that often co-occur with species of the genera Coolia, Fukuyoa, Gambierdiscus and Prorocentrum. We investigated a strain isolated from the coast of Ubatuba, Brazil (Southwest Atlantic Ocean) by light and epifluorescence microscopies; we also report molecular data based on the LSU rDNA and ITS markers. Cells were 35-65 µm in the dorso-ventral diameter and 20-40 µm wide. We obtained the sequence of a ~1 900 base pair region of the rRNA gene cistron. In the LSU rDNA phylogeny, the sequences under the names O. ovata and O. cf. ovata branched into three clades. The ITS marker showed greater resolving power and the sequences of O. ovata/O. cf. ovata split into five clades. Our ITS sequence branched in a clade with sequences of strains from the Mediterranean Sea, European Atlantic coasts, subtropical NE Atlantic, other sequences from Brazil at Rio de Janeiro, and a few sequences from Japan. The cell dimensions and thecal plate arrangement were under the variability range reported in other ocean regions. Our observations confirm O. cf. ovata as the most commonly recorded species of Ostreopsis in the SW Atlantic Ocean. Ostreopsis cf. ovata co-occurred with Coolia malayensis in Brazil and Asia, but it has been commonly reported from the Mediterranean Sea, where C. malayensis has not yet been recorded; while Coolia malayensis has been reported from the Caribbean Sea, but not O. ovata. With the current knowledge, it is difficult to understand the factors that determine the biogeography of the tropical epiphytic dinoflagellates. Rev. Biol. Trop. 65 (3): 1022-1032. Epub 2017 September 01.

ResumenOstreopsis cf. ovata es un dinoflagelado tóxico epifítico de amplia distribución en aguas cálidas, que a menudo coincide con especies de los géneros Coolia, Fukuyoa, Gambierdiscus y Prorocentrum. Investigamos una cepa aislada en la costa de Ubatuba, Brasil (Atlántico sudoccidental) mediante microscopía óptica y de epifluorescencia. Obtuvimos una secuencia de una región de unos 1 900 pares de bases del cistrón del gen del ARN ribosómico. Las células tenían 35-65 µm de diámetro dorso-ventral y 20-40 µm de ancho. En la filogenia del marcador LSU rADN, las secuencias con los nombres O. ovata and O. cf. ovata se sitúan en tres grupos. El marcador ITS mostraba un mayor poder resolutivo y las secuencias de O. ovata/O. cf. ovata se separan en cinco grupos. Nuestra secuencia ITS se sitúa en un grupo con secuencias de cepas procedentes del Mar Mediterráneo, costas europeas Atlánticas, Atlántico subtropical nororiental, otras secuencias procedentes de Río de Janeiro en Brasil, y algunas secuencias de Japón. Las dimensiones celulares y la disposición de las placas tecales se sitúan en el rango de variabilidad descrito en otras regiones oceánicas. Nuestras observaciones confirman a O. cf. ovata como la especie más comúnmente registrada de Ostreopsis en el Atlántico sudoccidental. Ostreopsis cf. ovata coindice con Coolia malayensis en Brasil y Asia. Ostreopsis cf. ovata ha sido comúnmente encontrada en el Mar Mediterráneo, donde C. malayensis aún no ha sido registrada. Coolia malayensis has sido registrada en el Mar Caribe, donde O. ovata aún no ha sido encontrada. Es difícil comprender los factores que determinan la biogeografía de los dinoflagelados epífitos tropicales, a partir del conocimiento actual.

Asociación de floraciones de algas nocivas y Vibrio spp. en áreas de pesca y acuicultura de bivalvos de moluscos en las bahías de Sechura y Pisco, Perú

Entre febrero de 2010 y mayo de 2014 se realizaron 22 evaluaciones en Pisco y 16 en Sechura; ambas áreas importantes en Perú para la extracción de moluscos y maricultura. La incidencia de Vibrio en el agua de mar fue monitoreada durante las floraciones de algas y en épocas normales. Se midieron parámetros ambientales tales como temperatura y nutrientes. En Sechura, Pseudo-nitzschia seriata y Protoperidinium depressum causaron floraciones de algas y fueron dominantes durante todo el período de evaluación. Las temperaturas en esta zona oscilaron entre 21.8 y 25.3 °C. En Pisco, la concentración Akashiwo sanguinea, Messodinium rubrum y Prorocentrum mínimum y el dinoflagelado Cochlodinium polikrykoides fueron los más frecuentes. Las floraciones de algas nocivas ocurrieron cuando las temperaturas estaban entre 17.1 y 23.3 °C, concentraciones de fosfatos que oscilaban entre 1.22 - 6.85 μM y nitratos 0.15 - 7.85 μM. En mayo de 2012, el dinoflagelado Alexandrium peruvianum causó una floración algal, bajo temperaturas de 18.0 a 23.2 °C, valores de fosfato de 0.73 a 11.56 μM y nitratos de 0.76 a 9.81 μM. Los coliformes fueron bajos < 2 - 23 MPN/100 mL, en ambas bahías durante todo el período de estudio. Vibrio alginolyticus fue la especie dominante. Mientras que V. vulnificus y V. parahaemolyticus se detectaron en Pisco, donde las temperaturas del mar comúnmente son mayores y los casos de infecciones graves por ingestión de mariscos se han asociado con el patógeno V. parahaemolyticus.

Between February 2010 and May 2014, 22 surveys in Pisco and 16 in Sechura were conducted; both are major areas for shellfish production and mariculture in Peru. The incidence of Vibrio in seawater was monitored during algal blooms and in their absence. Environmental parameters such as temperature and nutrients were measured. In Sechura, Pseudo-nitzschia seriata and Protoperidinium depressum caused algal blooms and were dominant throughout the evaluation period. The temperatures in this area ranged from 21.8 to 25.3 °C. In Pisco, the harmful algal bloom-forming Akashiwo sanguinea, Messodinium rubrum, and Prorocentrum minimum and the dinoflagellate Cochlodinium polikrykoides were most prevalent. Harmful algal blooms occurred when temperatures were between 17.1 and 23.3 °C, with phosphates ranging 1.22 - 6.85 μM and nitrates 0.15 - 7.85 μM. In May 2012, the dinoflagellate Alexandrium peruvianum caused an algal bloom, with temperatures ranging 18.0 to 23.2 °C, phosphate values from 0.73 to 11.56 μM, and nitrates from 0.76 to 9.81 μM. Coliforms were low, < 2 - 23 MPN/100 ml, in both bays throughout the study period. Vibrio alginolyticus was the dominant Vibrio spp. predominated in both bays, while V. vulnificus and V. parahaemolyticus were detected in Pisco, where warmer sea temperatures are common and severe infections cases by seafood ingestion has been associated with a pathogen V. parahaemolyticus.

El género Sphaerocavum y dominancia de S. brasiliense y Microcystis wesenbergii (Microcystaceae, Cyanophyceae) en la floración algal de la laguna Huacachina, Perú / The genus Sphaerocavum and the dominance of S. brasiliense and Microcystis wesenbergii (Microcystaceae, Cyanophyceae) in the algae bloom of Huacachina lagoon, Peru

En el presente trabajo se registra por primera vez a las cianobacterias Sphaerocavum brasiliense Azevedo y Sant'Anna y Microcystis wesenbergii (Komárek) Komárek in Kondrateva (Microcystaceae, Cyanophyceae) en una floración algal de la laguna Huacachina (Ica), incluyendo el primer reporte del género Sphaerocavum para el Perú. Se sugiere el monitoreo de estas cianobacterias por ser formadoras de floraciones algales.

The present work registers for the first time the cyanobacteria Sphaerocavum brasiliense Azevedo y Sant'Anna and Microcystis wesenbergii (Komárek) Komárek in Kondrateva (Microcystaceae, Cyanophyceae) in an algal bloom on Huacachina lagoon (Ica), including the first report of Sphaerocavum for Peru. We suggest the necessity of monitoring these bloom-forming cyanobacteria.

Blooms of ephemrral green algae in san andres iland, international biosphere rreserve seaflower, southwestern caribbaan / Florecimientos de algas verdes efimeras en la isla de San Andrés, Reserva Internacional de Biosfera Seaflower, Caribe suroccidental

We report the presence of persistent blooms of Chaetomorpha linum in San Andres island, Southwestern Caribbean, during the year 2013.

Reportamos la presencia de florecimientos persistentes del alga verde Chaetomorpha linum en la isla de San Andrés, Caribe suroccidental.

VARIACIÓN ESTACIONAL DEL GÉNERO Prorocentrum (DINOPHYCEAE) EN DOS GRANJAS ATUNERAS EN LA BAHÍA DE LA PAZ, MÉXICO / Seasonal Variation of the Genus Prorocentrum (DINOPHYCEAE) in Two Tuna Farms in Bahía De La Paz, Mexico

El género Prorocentrum Ehrenberg, incluye 81 especies, 21 son consideradas formadoras de florecimientos algales nocivos, de las cuales aproximadamente nueve especies producen toxinas. Considerando lo anterior, el objetivo de este trabajo consistió en determinar la distribución y abundancia de las especies del género Prorocentrum durante un ciclo anual, en dos estaciones de muestreo ubicadas dentro del ámbito de las granjas atuneras y en una estación fuera de la influencia de las granjas en la Bahía de La Paz, Golfo de California. Las muestras de agua se recolectaron mensualmente (junio 2006-mayo 2007) con una botella van Dorn en diferentes niveles de profundidad. En San Juan de La Costa (SC) se recolectaron en superficie 25 y 50 m, en Rancheros del Mar (RM) en superficie, 15, y 30 m, y en El Mogote (M) solo en superficie. A lo largo del ciclo anual, en las granjas atuneras en la Bahía de La Paz, se registraron 12 especies: P. compressum, P. dactylus, P. emarginatum, P. gracile, P. lima, P. micans, P. minimum, P. rhathymum, P. rostratum, P. shikokuense, P. triestinum y P. vaginula, de las cuales, ocho son formadoras de florecimientos algales. El estudio de los florecimientos de Prorocentrum se ha vuelto importante ya que estos han sido relacionados por su impacto nocivo en los ecosistemas.

The genus Prorocentrum Ehrenberg includes 81 marine species, of which 21 are considered causative agents of harmful algal blooms, and approximately 9 species produce toxins. The objectives of this study were to determine distribution and abundance of Prorocentrum species during an annual cycle at two sampling sites within tuna farms near San Juan de La Costa (SC), Rancheros del Mar (RM) and at a station without the influence of these farms located off El Mogote (M), in the Bahia de la Paz, Gulf of California. Samples were taken monthly (June 2006-May 2007) at different depths at SC (0.25 and 50 m), at the RM (0.15 and 30 m) and at El Mogote (0 m) with a van Dorn bottle. The results showed a total of twelve species in the annual cycle: P. compressum, P. dactylus, P. emarginatum, P. gracile, P. lima, P. micans, P. minimum, P. rhathymum, P. rostratum, P. shikokuense, P. triestinum and P. vaginula, of which the first eight form blooms. The study of Prorocentrum blooms became important because they have been linked to widespread harmful ecosystem impacts.

Primer reporte del dinoflagelado potencialmente tóxico Alexandrium minutum Halim 1960 en el litoral peruano

En el presente trabajo se registra por primera vez al dinoflagelado potencialmente tóxico Alexandrium minutum Halim 1960 causante de las floraciones algales de marzo del 2006 y febrero del 2009, en el en el litoral del Callao, Perú. La identificación de A. minutum se realizó mediante un examen morfo-taxonómico detallando sus placas con microscopía de luz y epifluorescencia. Para su cuantificación se utilizaron cámaras de sedimentación. Nuestros resultados reportan por primera vez la presencia de A. minutum en el lado sudamericano del Pacífico, frente al Callao. Las características en tamaño, forma y morfología tecal que exhibieron los especímenes fueron muy similares a las descripciones clásicas de esta especie.

Herein, we report the first record of the potentially toxic dinoflagellate Alexandrium minutum Halim 1960 from the Peruvian littoral. Alexandrium minutum produced the algae bloom in March 2006 and February 2009, in the Callao bay. Its identification was carried out by a morpho-taxonomic examination, detailing their plates with light and epifluorescence microscopy, moreover its quantification was realized in sedimentation chambers. This is the first report of A. minutum for Southeast Pacific. The characteristics in size, shape and thecal morphology were similarly to original descriptions of this species.

Fatores determinantes das florações de cianobactérias na água do Rio Doce, Minas Gerais, Brasil / Determinants of cyanobacteria's bloom in water at Doce River, Minas Gerais, Brazil

A partir de 2005 ocorreram sucessivas florações de cianobactérias tóxicas e não tóxicas na água do Rio Doce. Naquela época, foram identificadas as possíveis causas dessas florações e dentre elas se destacou principalmente o extenso período estival na região da bacia hidrográfica. O principal objetivo desse trabalho foi o de associar estatisticamente alguns parâmetros ambientais e de qualidade da água do rio em um período de cinco anos, para encontrar e explicar as possíveis correlações existentes. As cianobactérias estiveram presentes na água do Rio Doce nos 10 pontos de coleta avaliados pelo Instituto Mineiro de Gestão das Águas, no período de 2008 a 2012. Na análise de agrupamentos entre as estações de coleta, o ponto RD44 se destacou isoladamente e apresentou maiores densidades de termotolerantes durante o inverno. Por meio da análise de componentes principais, verificouse que as maiores densidades de cianobactérias estiveram associadas a reduções da temperatura da água, da turbidez, da concentração de fósforo total e condições características do período estival (inverno seco) na água de rios em Minas Gerais. Nesse mesmo período, ocorreram elevações nas concentrações de clorofila a, oxigênio dissolvido, nitratos, da relação estequiométrica N/P e do Índice de Qualidade das Águas. Após 2009 as florações se tornaram sucessivas. Isso reforça a teoria de que o represamento da água do rio exerceu uma influência nas crescentes florações de cianobactérias, pois podem ter contribuído para a redução da turbidez da água do rio, para o aumento da concentração de nitratos e da densidade de termotolerantes.

From 2005 there were successive blooms of toxic and nontoxic cyanobacteria in water from Doce River. At that time, the possible causes of these blooms were studied and the extensive winter period in the watershed area was one of the main causes. The main objective of this study was to statistically associate some quality and environmental parameters of the river water for a period of five years, to meet and explain the possible correlations. Cyanobacteria were present in the water of the Doce River in the 10 sampling points evaluated in the period from 2008 to 2012. In cluster analysis between the collection points, the sample station RD44 stood alone and presented during the dry seasons of the years the highest densities of thermotolerant coliform. By means of principal component analysis, it was found that increased density of cyanobacteria was associated with a reduction in temperature of the water, turbidity and the concentration of phosphorus, which are characteristic conditions of river waters in Minas Gerais during the winter period (dry season). In the same period, there were increases in the concentrations of chlorophyll a, dissolved oxygen, nitrates, the stoichiometric ratio N/P and the Water Quality Index. After 2009, successive cyanobacteria blooms have been registered. This reinforces the theory that the damming of the river has had a growing influence on cyanobacteria blooms. They may have contributed to reduce the turbidity of river water, increase in nitrate concentration and thermotolerant coliform density.

Recurrent blooms of Heterosigma akashiwo (Raphidophyceae) in the Piraquê Channel, Rodrigo de Freitas Lagoon, southeast Brazil / Florações recorrentes de Heterosigma akashiwo (Raphydophyceae) no Canal do Piraquê, Lagoa Rodrigo de Freitas, sudeste do Brasil

Six blooms of Heterosigma akashiwo (Raphidophyceae) were observed from March 2007 through March 2008 in the Rodrigo de Freitas Lagoon, a semi-confined eutrophic system located in Rio de Janeiro state, southeast Brazil. Vegetative cells of H. akashiwo analysed by optical and electron microscopy showed morphology as described in the literature. The blooms (2.8 × 104 to 4 × 108 cell.L–1) were restricted to the middle section of the Piraquê Channel, which is situated in the northeastern part of the lagoon and receives freshwater inflow. The salinity of subsurface water and the channel depth showed significant negative correlations with H. akashiwo abundances, and appeared to restrict the blooms to this compartment of the lagoon. No fish mortality was associated with the H. akashiwo blooms, nor were brevetoxins detected in a cell extract obtained from the bloom observed on 19 March 2007.

Seis florações de Heterosigma akashiwo (Raphidophyceae) foram observadas em março de 2007 a março de 2008 na Lagoa Rodrigo de Freitas, um sistema semi-confinado eutrófico localizado no Rio de Janeiro (Sudeste do Brasil). As células vegetativas de H. akashiwo analisadas por microscopia óptica e eletrônica mostraram morfologia como descrito em literatura. As florações (2.8 × 104 a 4 × 108 cel.L–1) foram restritas à zona intermédia do canal Piraquê, que se situa na parte nordeste da lagoa e recebe aporte de água doce. A salinidade da sub-superfície da água e a profundidade do canal apresentaram correlação negativa significativa com a abundância de H. akashiwo e parecem determinar a formação de florações restritas a este compartimento da lagoa. Não houve mortalidade de peixes durante as florações de H. akashiwo e não foi detectada a presença de brevetoxinas em um extrato celular obtido a partir da floração observada em 19 de março de 2007.

Physiological characterization and molecular profiling of toxic and non-toxic isolates of Cyanobacterium Microcystis.

Our investigation aimed to utilize physiological attributes and molecular tools for distinguishing the toxic strain of Microcystis from other non toxic strains, belonging to the same genus. Physiological characterization of five Microcystis isolates indicated that the toxic strain (M1) exhibited significantly higher pigment accumulation (phycocyanin: 54.20 µg ml-1; allophycocyanin: 18.2 µg ml-1) and sugar content (74.25 µg ml-1), which may be providing a competitive advantage for successful colonization and proliferation. Profiling using repeat sequence primers (STRR, Hip) was helpful in distinguishing different strains (M1-M5) and HIP TG profile was unique to M1. SDS-PAGE profile of the five strains indicated the presence of a unique band (25kDa) in M1. The combined use of SDS-PAGE and HipTG profiles can help in providing distinct fingerprint for the toxic strain, which can be useful in its identification.

Isolation and characterization of an algicidal bacterium indigenous to lake Taihu with a red pigment able to lyse microcystis aeruginosa / 生物医学与环境科学（英文）

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To isolate and characterize indigenous algicidal bacteria and their algae-lysing compounds active against Microcystis aeruginosa, strains TH1, TH2, and FACHB 905.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The bacteria were identified using the Biolog automated microbial identification system and 16S rDNA sequence analysis. The algae-lysing compounds were isolated and purified by silica gel column chromatography and reverse-phase high performance liquid chromatography. Their structures were confirmed by Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) and Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy. Algae-lysing activity was observed using microscopy.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The algae-lysing bacterium LTH-2 isolated from Lake Taihu was identified as Serratia marcescens. Strain LTH-2 secreted a red pigment identified as prodigiosin (C20H25N3O), which showed strong lytic activity with algal strains M. aeruginosa TH1, TH2, and FACHB 905 in a concentration-dependent manner. The 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) of prodigiosin with the algal strains was 4.8 (± 0.4)× 10⁻² μg/mL, 8.9 (± 1.1)× 10⁻² μg/mL, and 1.7 (± 0.1)× 10⁻¹ μg/mL in 24 h, respectively.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The bacterium LTH-2 and its pigment had strong Microcystis-lysing activity probably related to damage of cell membranes. The bacterium LTH-2 and its red pigment are potentially useful for regulating blooms of harmful M. aeruginosa.</p>

Invasion of the dinoflagellate Ceratium furcoides (Levander) Langhans 1925 at tropical reservoir and its relation to environmental variables / Invasão do dinoflagelado Ceratium furcoides (Levander) Langhans 1925 em um reservatório tropical e sua relação com as variáveis ambientais

Dinoflagellates of the genus Ceratium are chiefly marine but there are rare occurrences in freshwater. In this study we analyze the invasion and progressive establishment of Ceratium furcoides, an exotic species, in the Furnas Reservoir. Samples were taken at 36 points in the reservoir, during the months of March, June, September and December, 2007. Measurements of some physical and chemical variables were simultaneously performed at each site. The occurrence of C. furcoides was registered at 20 sites, with densities varying between 0.57 and 28,564,913.0 ind.m-3. Blooms of this species were recorded in points which were classified as mesotrophic, coinciding with the places receiving high amounts of untreated domestic sewage. C. furcoides density was correlated with temperature, nutrients (nitrate and nitrite) and water electric conductivity. The highest density was recorded in June when temperature was low. The presence of Ceratium furcoides in the reservoir apparently has not yet affected the reservoir water quality or other plankton communities. However, if it becomes fully established it could perhaps become a problem in the reservoir or even to spread out to other reservoirs in Rio Grande basin.

Dinoflagelados do gênero Ceratium são principalmente marinhos, porém existem raras ocorrências em água doce. Neste estudo analisamos a invasão e o estabelecimento progressivo de Ceratium furcoides, uma espécie exótica no reservatório da UHE de Furnas. Foram coletadas amostras em 36 locais em todo o reservatório durante os meses de março, junho, setembro e dezembro de 2007. Variáveis físicas e químicas foram aferidas em cada local. C. furcoides ocorreu em 20 dos 36 pontos de coleta, em densidades que variaram entre 0.57 e 28.564.913 ind.m-3. A maior densidade da espécie foi registrada na região do rio Marimbondo (G14) classificada como mesotrófica e local onde alto volume de esgoto doméstico sem tratamento é lançado diariamente. A densidade de C. furcoides foi correlacionada com os valores de temperatura, nutrientes dissolvidos (nitrato e nitrito) e com a condutividade elétrica. Até o momento do presente estudo, a presença de Ceratium furcoides no reservatório aparentemente não afetou as condições ambientais ou outras comunidades, porém, ao se tornar plenamente estabelecida poderá se transformar em um risco ecológico e até mesmo espalhar-se para outras bacias.

A interface da saúde pública com a saúde dos oceanos: produção de doenças, impactos socioeconômicos e relações benéficas / The interface of public healthcare with the health of the oceans: proliferation of disease, socio-economic impacts and beneficial relationships

Nas últimas décadas, as atividades humanas têm causado forte impacto sobre o ambiente marinho, provocando alterações no seu processo ecológico. A relação entre a saúde dos oceanos, as atividades antropogênicas e a saúde pública já é consenso, entretanto, seus mecanismos ainda estão sob os olhares da ciência. Essas relações incluem o foco sobre as mudanças climáticas, florações de algas tóxicas, contaminação microbiológica e química nas águas marinhas e bioinvasão de espécies exóticas. Além disso, existe a relação dos valores benéficos que os oceanos proporcionam à saúde e bem-estar da humanidade, tais como produtos naturais relevantes para a alimentação humana, o desenvolvimento da biomedicina, ou simplesmente, a satisfação humana derivada da recreação, esportes e outras interações dos seres humanos com os oceanos. A importância de se conhecer a relação entre saúde pública e a saúde dos oceanos dá-se, principalmente, devido ao crescente número de pessoas vivendo em zonas costeiras, nas regiões tropicais e subtropicais, tendo como pano de fundo as atividades antropogênicas produtoras de risco para a saúde do ambiente marinho, aumento da vulnerabilidade do homem, da biodiversidade e da iniquidade socioambiental.

Over the past decades, human activities have had a heavy impact on the marine environment, causing alterations in ecological processes. The relationship between the health of the oceans, human activities and public healthcare is already generally accepted, though the mechanisms involved are still under scientific scrutiny. These relationships include a focus on climate change, toxic algal blooms, microbial and chemical contamination in marine waters and bioinvasion by exotic species. Moreover, there is the beneficial effect of the oceans on human health and wellbeing, such as natural products for the human diet, the development of biomedicine, or simply the satisfaction derived from human recreation, sports and other interactions of humans with oceans. The importance of appreciating the link between public healthcare and the health of the oceans is especially important due to the growing number of people living in coastal areas, mainly in tropical and subtropical regions. The backcloth to this is risk-related human activities that pose a danger to marine environmental health and the increase in the vulnerability of humans and biodiversity and socio-environmental iniquity.

Ecological composition and distribution of the diatoms from the Laguna Superior, Oaxaca, Mexico.

A taxonomic study of diatoms was carried out in a tropical coastal lagoon. Material for this study consists of water samples obtained from February-March 1992 to November-December 2000. Qualitative and quantitative analyses showed the presence of 373 taxa of which the families Bacillariaceae (67 species) and Chaetocerotaceae (37 species) were the most abundant groups. The species Skeletonema costatum, Chaetoceros curvisetus, Coscinodiscus radiatus var. radiatus, Ditylum brightwellii, Thalassiosira eccentrica and Entomoneis alata were found associated with moderate water quality and forming blooms. In addition, a regional comparison between Mexico and South America of the identified species is given. For practical handling, indicative values obtained from their ecological composition are incorporated as well as a code of the floristic list. A checklist of the species and their occurrence are given.

Impact of harmful algal blooms on wild and cultured animals in the Gulf of California.

Historical documents and classic works together with recent specialized literature have described Harmful Algal Blooms (HABs) in the Gulf of California. This is a review of HABs impact (qualitative and quantitative) during the last decades in the Gulf of California on wild (mammals, birds, fishes, and invertebrates) and cultured animals (shrimps and fishes). Microalgal species responsible of noxious effects are Noctiluca scintillans, Cochlodinium polykrikoides, Gymnodinium catenatum, Prorocentrum minimum, Akashiwo sanguinea, Chattonella subsalsa Ch. marina, Chattonella sp., Heterocapsa sp., Dinophysis sp., Fibrocapsa japonica, Heterosigma akashiwo, Thalassiosira sp., Chaetoceros spp., Pseudo-nitzschia australis, P. fraudulenta, Pseudo-nitzschia sp., Trichodesmium erythraeum and Schizotrix calcicola. Emphasis is given to the necessity to continue with interdisciplinary studies in oceanography, ecology, toxicology and toxinology interrelated with biomedical sciences such as physiology, pathology, epidemiology and animal health.